A biopsy is a diagnostic procedure in which a sample of tissue or cells is collected from an area that appears abnormal and examined by a pathologist. It plays an important role in diagnosing many cancers because imaging alone may not always determine whether a suspicious growth is cancerous.
The biopsy technique selected depends on the location, size, appearance, and accessibility of the abnormal area.
Why and When Is a Biopsy Recommended?
A biopsy may be recommended when:
- A suspicious lump or lesion is identified: Tissue examination helps determine its nature.
- Cancer is suspected: A pathological examination may be required to establish a diagnosis.
- The type of cancer needs to be identified: Different cancers have different microscopic characteristics.
- Tumour characteristics need further evaluation: Additional tests may help identify biomarkers relevant to treatment.
- Treatment planning requires tissue information: Pathology findings can influence the choice of treatment.
How Is a Biopsy Performed?
Different biopsy techniques may be used depending on the affected area. These can include needle biopsy, endoscopic biopsy, or surgical biopsy.
The doctor selects the most suitable method based on the clinical findings and imaging. Local or general anaesthesia may be used depending on the procedure.
What Should Patients Expect During a Biopsy?
The experience varies according to the biopsy technique and body area involved. Patients may experience temporary discomfort, tenderness, or mild bruising after certain procedures.
The collected tissue is carefully labelled and sent to the pathology laboratory for examination.
What Happens After the Biopsy?
The pathologist examines the tissue under a microscope. Additional tests, such as immunohistochemistry or molecular testing, may be performed when necessary.
The biopsy report is reviewed alongside imaging, blood tests, symptoms, and other clinical information. If cancer is confirmed, the findings help the oncology team determine the cancer type and plan appropriate treatment.
