Autoimmune Liver Disease

Autoimmune liver disease is a chronic condition in which the body’s immune system unknowingly attacks its liver cells, causing swelling and damage and, if left untreated, potentially leading to future liver failure. This condition requires long-term care and also close monitoring by a hepatologist or liver specialist.

Types of Autoimmune Liver Disease

1. Autoimmune Hepatitis:
This condition occurs when the immune system directly targets liver cells, leading to ongoing liver inflammation. If not managed properly, it may progress to cirrhosis.

2. Primary Biliary Cholangitis:
Formerly known as primary biliary cirrhosis, this disorder involves the destruction of small bile ducts in the liver. Over time, bile buildup can damage liver tissue.

3. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis:
This is often associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

What Causes Autoimmune Liver Disease?

The exact cause of autoimmune liver disease is unknown. Some triggers may include:
Certain viral or bacterial infections
Medications
Family history of autoimmune conditions
Hormonal influences (more common in women)

Common Symptoms

Autoimmune liver diseases can sometimes be silent in the early stages. Fatigue and weakness  

• Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)  
• Abdominal pain or discomfort  
• Itchy skin  
• Dark urine and pale stools  
• Joint pain  
• Unexplained weight loss

How Autoimmune Liver Disease is Diagnosed

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of:

• Blood Tests: These are used to detect elevated liver enzymes and specific autoantibodies.
• Imaging Tests: These include ultrasound, MRI, or MRCP to assess liver and bile duct health.
• Liver Biopsy: This may be recommended by a liver specialist to determine the extent of inflammation or fibrosis.

A hepatologist uses these diagnostic tools to distinguish between types of autoimmune liver disease and guide treatment planning.

Treatment Options

1. Medications:
Immunosuppressants like corticosteroids and azathioprine help reduce the immune attack on liver cells.

2. Lifestyle Changes:
- Avoid alcohol and unnecessary medications
- Maintain a healthy diet rich in antioxidants
- Get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B

3. Regular Monitoring:
Routine follow-ups with a hepatologist are crucial to track liver function and detect any signs of progression or complications.

4. Liver Transplant:
In a lot of cases, transplantation might be the only option left. Only a liver specialist can assess the eligibility of a liver transplant donor and the recipient for the transplantation and guide the process.

When to See a Hepatologist or Liver Specialist?

It’s essential to consult a hepatologist or liver specialist if you:

• Have persistent fatigue or jaundice
• Experience chronic itching, especially with dark urine
• Have a family history of autoimmune liver diseases
• Notice symptoms worsening over time despite treatment