Musculoskeletal Infections

Musculoskeletal infections are infections that affect the bones (osteomyelitis), joints (septic arthritis), muscles, or soft tissues of the body. These infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms, and may develop after trauma, surgery, systemic infection, or through the bloodstream.

These conditions can lead to severe pain, swelling, joint destruction, or bone damage if not treated promptly. In some cases, they may even become life-threatening.

Types of Musculoskeletal Infections

1. Osteomyelitis

Infection of the bone, commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It may occur in children or adults, especially after trauma or surgery, or in those with chronic conditions like diabetes.

2. Septic Arthritis

A bacterial infection inside a joint, usually caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus species. It can lead to rapid joint damage and loss of function if not urgently treated.

3. Pyomyositis

A bacterial infection of the skeletal muscle, often seen in tropical regions or immunocompromised individuals.

4. Soft Tissue Infections

Includes cellulitis, abscesses, and fasciitis, which affect the skin, fat, or connective tissue around bones and muscles.

5. Prosthetic Joint Infection

Infection involving a joint replacement, such as a hip or knee prosthesis. These infections can be challenging and may require implant removal.

Causes and Risk Factors

Musculoskeletal infections can result from:

• Open fractures or wounds
• Recent surgery or injections
• Contaminated prosthetic implants
• Bloodstream infections (hematogenous spread)
• Diabetes or peripheral vascular disease
• Weakened immune system (due to HIV, cancer treatment, etc.)
• IV drug use
• Poor hygiene or unclean medical equipment

Signs and Symptoms

• Severe pain in bone, joint, or muscle
• Swelling, redness, or warmth in the affected area
• Fever and chills
• Limited range of motion or joint stiffness
• Fatigue or malaise
• Pus or drainage from a wound or surgical site
• Inability to bear weight or use the affected limb

In children, symptoms may be subtle and include irritability or refusal to walk.

Diagnosis

Early and accurate diagnosis is key to preventing joint or bone destruction. Diagnosis may involve:

• Physical examination to assess tenderness, swelling, and movement
• Blood tests – elevated white blood cells (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), and ESR
• X-rays – may show changes in chronic bone infections
• MRI or CT scans – for early detection of soft tissue or bone involvement
• Ultrasound – useful in septic arthritis or abscess formation
• Joint aspiration – to collect and test joint fluid for infection
• Bone biopsy or culture – to identify the specific pathogen causing the infection

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the severity, location, and organism involved.

Antibiotic Therapy:

• IV antibiotics for severe infections (usually 4–6 weeks)
• Oral antibiotics for mild or follow-up treatment
• Antibiotics are selected based on culture sensitivity reports

Surgical Intervention:

• Incision and drainage of abscesses
• Debridement to remove infected tissue or bone
• Joint washout or arthroscopic surgery in septic arthritis
• Removal and replacement of prosthetic joints in case of implant infection

Supportive Care:

• Immobilization of affected area
• Pain management
• Nutritional support
• Physical therapy to regain function post-treatment

Potential Complications

If left untreated or inadequately managed, musculoskeletal infections can lead to:

• Permanent joint damage or deformity
• Bone necrosis (dead bone)
• Sepsis (life-threatening blood infection)
• Growth disturbances in children
• Amputation (in extreme cases)

Prevention

• Prompt treatment of skin wounds and infections
• Proper sterilization and surgical hygiene
• Diabetes and chronic illness management
• Avoidance of unnecessary injections
• Screening for infection before implant surgeries
• Immunization (e.g., against Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae) in children

Why Choose Aster Hospitals for Musculoskeletal Infection Care?

Aster Hospitals provides comprehensive and advanced care for musculoskeletal infections through a multidisciplinary team of orthopedic surgeons, infectious disease specialists, radiologists, and rehabilitation experts. Our approach begins with early and accurate diagnosis using cutting-edge imaging and laboratory testing. We offer targeted antibiotic and antifungal therapy, along with minimally invasive surgical options when necessary. Our team specializes in managing complex infections, including prosthetic joint infections, ensuring precise and effective treatment. With individualized rehabilitation and recovery plans, we are committed to preserving joint and bone function, preventing complications, and helping you regain full mobility and well-being.