Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs or pockets that develop on or within the ovaries. They are relatively common, especially during the reproductive years, and often form naturally during the menstrual cycle. Most ovarian cysts are benign (non-cancerous) and resolve on their own without treatment.

However, some cysts can grow large, become painful, or cause complications, and may require medical attention.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

1. Functional Cysts (most common and harmless)

Occur during the normal ovulation cycle:

• Follicular cysts: When a follicle fails to release an egg
• Corpus luteum cysts: When a follicle releases an egg but doesn't shrink properly afterward

2. Dermoid Cysts (Mature Cystic Teratomas)

Contain tissues like hair, fat, or bone. Usually benign but may grow large.

3. Endometriomas

Develop in women with endometriosis when tissue from the uterine lining grows on the ovaries.

4. Cystadenomas

Filled with watery or mucous material; may grow large and cause discomfort.

5. Polycystic Ovaries

Seen in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)—multiple small cysts on the ovaries due to hormonal imbalance.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Hormonal imbalances (e.g., fertility treatments, PCOS)
• Endometriosis
• Pregnancy (corpus luteum cysts may develop in early pregnancy)
• Pelvic infections that spread to the ovaries
• Family history of ovarian or breast cancer
• Previous ovarian cysts

Signs and Symptoms

Most ovarian cysts are asymptomatic and go unnoticed. When symptoms do occur, they may include:

• Pelvic pain (dull or sharp, especially on one side)
• Bloating or abdominal pressure
• Irregular periods or spotting
• Pain during sex or bowel movements
• Frequent or urgent urination
• Nausea or breast tenderness

Emergency symptoms (suggesting rupture or torsion):

• Sudden, severe pelvic or abdominal pain
• Fever or vomiting
• Dizziness or fainting
• Rapid breathing

Seek immediate medical care for these signs.

Diagnosis

Ovarian cysts are often detected during routine pelvic exams or imaging tests for other issues.

Diagnostic methods include:

• Pelvic ultrasound (transabdominal or transvaginal): First-line test to view cyst size, shape, and content
• Blood tests (e.g., CA-125): Used if there's suspicion of cancer, especially in postmenopausal women
• Hormonal panel: To check for PCOS or other imbalances
• MRI or CT scan: For complex cysts or further evaluation

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the type, size, and symptoms of the cyst, as well as age and reproductive goals.

1. Watchful Waiting

• Many functional cysts resolve on their own in 1–3 menstrual cycles
• Regular follow-up ultrasounds are recommended

2. Medications

• Hormonal birth control pills: May help regulate periods and prevent future cyst formation
• Pain relievers: For discomfort or cramping

3. Surgery

Recommended if the cyst:

• Is large (>5 cm)
• Persists for several cycles
• Appears complex or suspicious
• Causes severe pain or bleeding
• Is at risk of rupture or ovarian torsion

Surgical options:

• Cystectomy: Removal of the cyst, preserving the ovary
• Oophorectomy: Removal of the entire ovary (used in certain high-risk or cancerous cases)
• Laparoscopy (minimally invasive) vs. Laparotomy (open surgery) based on cyst size and complexity

Complications

While most cysts are harmless, possible complications include:

• Cyst rupture – may cause internal bleeding and sharp pain
• Ovarian torsion – twisting of the ovary, cutting off blood supply
• Infertility – especially in cases involving endometriomas or PCOS
• Ovarian cancer – rare, more likely in postmenopausal women with complex or solid cysts

Preventive Tips

• Regular gynecological check-ups
• Managing PCOS or hormonal disorders
• Using hormonal contraceptives (as advised) to regulate ovulation
• Being alert to symptoms and reporting any menstrual irregularities

Why Choose Aster Hospitals for Ovarian Health?

Aster Hospitals offers expert, compassionate care for ovarian disorders through a multidisciplinary team specializing in gynecology and reproductive health. With advanced imaging and diagnostic tools, we ensure precise evaluation and effective treatment of conditions such as ovarian cysts, PCOS, and endometriosis. Our specialists are skilled in minimally invasive gynecological surgeries that promote faster recovery and better outcomes. For women of reproductive age, we provide fertility-focused treatment plans tailored to individual needs, supported by a collaborative team of nutritionists, endocrinologists, and fertility experts. Whether managing a simple or complex cyst, our priority is to safeguard your health, fertility, and peace of mind.