How is pericardial disease diagnosed?
Through physical examination, echocardiogram, ECG, chest X-ray, and sometimes CT or MRI.
What causes pericardial disease?
Causes include infections, autoimmune disorders, trauma, cancer, uremia, and radiation therapy.
How are septal defects diagnosed?
Septal defects are diagnosed using echocardiograms, ECGs, chest X-rays, and sometimes cardiac MRI or CT scans.
What are the symptoms of a septal defect?
Symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, frequent infections, poor growth, and heart murmurs.
Can septal defects close on their own?
Small ASDs and VSDs often close on their own as a child grows, but larger defects may require medical intervention.
What is the difference between ASD and VSD?
It refers to a hole in the wall between the two atria, while VSD refers to a hole in the wall between the two ventricles of the heart.
How can arrhythmias be prevented?
Preventive measures include managing underlying conditions (such as CAD or heart failure), maintaining proper electrolyte balance, and avoiding substances that can trigger arrhythmias, like excessive alcohol or stimulants.
Can arrhythmias cause sudden cardiac arrest?
Yes, severe arrhythmias, particularly ventricular fibrillation, can lead to sudden cardiac arrest if not promptly treated.
When is surgery required for arrhythmias?
Surgery may be needed in cases where other treatments fail or for patients with complex arrhythmias. Cardiac surgeons may perform procedures like the maze procedure or implant devices such as ICDs.
What are the treatment options for severe arrhythmias?
Treatments include medications to control heart rate, cardioversion to restore normal rhythm, catheter ablation to remove abnormal tissue, and the use of pacemakers or ICDs.
