Congenital Heart Defects

What Are Congenital Heart Defects?

Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities of the heart or blood vessels that are present at birth. These defects occur when the heart doesn’t develop properly during fetal growth, and they can range from mild to severe. Some CHDs may not need treatment, while others require surgery or long-term care.

CHDs are the most common type of birth defect, affecting nearly 1 in 100 live births. With advances in diagnosis and treatment, most children with CHDs go on to lead healthy lives.

Types of Congenital Heart Defects

CHDs can be broadly classified as cyanotic (causing low oxygen and bluish skin tone) or acyanotic (normal oxygen levels).

Common CHDs Include:

1. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

A hole in the wall (septum) between the upper heart chambers
May close on its own or require surgery/device closure

2. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

A hole in the lower heart chambers
Can cause excess blood flow to the lungs, leading to breathing issues

3. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

A blood vessel that should close after birth remains open
Can lead to lung congestion and heart strain

4. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

A combination of four defects that cause cyanosis (blue baby syndrome)
Requires surgical repair in infancy

5. Coarctation of the Aorta

Narrowing of the aorta, which can increase blood pressure in the upper body

6. Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)

The two main arteries leaving the heart are reversed
Needs immediate medical attention and surgery

7. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)

The left side of the heart is underdeveloped
Requires staged surgical procedures or heart transplant

Causes and Risk Factors

In most cases, the exact cause of CHDs is unknown. However, contributing factors may include:

Genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome)
Family history of congenital heart disease
Maternal illnesses (e.g., diabetes, lupus, rubella)
Medications or substance use during pregnancy
Exposure to harmful chemicals or radiation during pregnancy
Nutritional deficiencies (e.g., folic acid)

Symptoms of CHDs

Symptoms depend on the type and severity of the defect.

Common Signs in Newborns and Infants:

Rapid breathing or shortness of breath
Cyanosis (bluish skin, lips, or nails)
Poor feeding or difficulty sucking
Low weight gain or failure to thrive
Fatigue or excessive sleepiness
Sweating during feeds
Heart murmur (an abnormal heartbeat sound)

In mild cases, symptoms may not appear until later in childhood or even adulthood.

Diagnosis

CHDs may be detected:

During Pregnancy:

Fetal echocardiogram around 18–22 weeks to assess heart structure
Ultrasound findings suggesting structural issues

After Birth:

Physical exam (murmur, cyanosis, low oxygen saturation)
Pulse oximetry screening in the newborn
Echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart)
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Chest X-ray
Cardiac MRI or CT scan (for complex defects)
Cardiac catheterization for detailed evaluation or treatment

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the CHD.

1. Monitoring and Observation

Some minor defects (like small ASDs or VSDs) may close naturally and only need regular follow-up.

2. Medications

To manage symptoms such as fluid buildup or irregular heartbeat
Common medications: diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers

3. Interventional Cardiology (Non-Surgical)

Catheter-based procedures to close holes (ASD, PDA) or widen narrowed vessels

4. Surgery

Required for complex or severe CHDs
May involve repairing or reconstructing heart valves, walls, or vessels
Some defects may require multiple staged surgeries

5. Heart Transplant

Considered in rare cases where the heart cannot be repaired

Living with CHDs

Many children with CHDs lead normal lives after treatment
Some may require lifelong follow-up with a pediatric or adult congenital cardiologist
Activity restrictions or preventive antibiotics may be advised
Regular monitoring for growth, development, and heart function is crucial
Emotional support and education are essential for families managing complex heart conditions

Why Choose Aster Hospitals for Pediatric Heart Care?

Aster Hospitals provides comprehensive and specialized care for congenital heart defects, ensuring every child receives the best possible start in life. Our advanced fetal and pediatric cardiology services are led by experienced pediatric cardiologists and cardiac surgeons, supported by cutting-edge diagnostic and interventional facilities. Critically ill infants and children benefit from our specialized Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Units (NICU & PICU), designed for round-the-clock monitoring and care. We offer postoperative cardiac rehabilitation, long-term follow-up, and genetic counseling to guide families through their child’s journey. With holistic support for even the most complex and rare heart conditions, Aster is dedicated to nurturing every child’s heart with skill, compassion, and hope.